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In spite of the efforts of the Tudor monarchs to integrate Wales legally and culturally into their kingdom, the principality has always remained stubbornly different both from England and from the other parts of the ‘Celtic fringe’. The Welsh Language Act of 1967, which made the country officially bilingual although only a small proportion of the population still have Welsh as their first language, was a belated recognition of the cultural conflict which runs through the communities living there, not just between different groups but also within individuals. In addition to the history of the often stormy relations between the English and the Welsh, we shall look at the present-day culture of Wales, paying particular attention to the separatist campaigns of recent decades which led to the institution of the Welsh Assembly.
